The Lion of Mars-la-Tour

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On 18th August 1870 the battle of Mars-la-Tour was fought between a French army of 130,000 men and two Prussian army corps totalling 30,000 men. The Prussians achieved a strategic victory against all the odds, but at a heavy cost. The Prussian Tenth Corps included Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick’s 57th (8th Westphalian) Infantry Regiment. This is their story, which I've translated from the regimental history. I hope it will become clear in due course why I have decided to post it.

First, the lion itself: “Since the 7th October 1897, there has been a monument to the deeds of the Regiment on the 16th August 1870. It stands west of Vionville to the south of the Mars-la-Tour road, in the angle formed by the road leading to Tronville and the way that branches off to the southern part of Vionville.”

Sadly, this monument has since been destroyed, but it is pictured in the regimental history:
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"Approaching the battlefield as the regiment did, one is presented with what appears to be a bare plain, rising in a gentle slope north of Tronville Wood to a sharply-pronounced height (857). However, in addition to the depressions previously spoken of, there are also a number of flatly-cambered troughs, which are most pronounced in the arc east and north of Mars-la-Tour, and which continue into the terrain already mentioned. The deeper parts of these, and of the troughs that develop from them, consist of meadows whose wire enclosures caused considerable trouble, not only to the Guard Dragoons, but also to the Regiment.

Of particular significance during the battle were the northwest corner of Tronville Wood and a poplar some 200 m south of the ravine. The former consisted of very dense undergrowth with occasional tall trees, and was discernible from a long way off, whilst the poplar stood about 500 m west of Tronville Wood on the Mars-la-Tour – St. Marcel road, which, where it crossed the heights, was flanked by a hedge.

The ground on the ridge south of the ravine was in part hard and stony, in part deeply ploughed, and at the time of the battle was planted only patchily with scanty crops.

After crossing the ridge leading northwards from Hill 741, the 16th Regiment headed towards Mars-la-Tour, whilst the 57th, together with the batteries and the pioneer companies, continued eastwards, crossing the ground south-west of the village at the road leading to Mariaville and then making use of a trough some 500 m south of Mars-la-Tour for their advance.

At first the houses in the area hid the enemy, who was firing at the batteries that had meanwhile emerged at the north-eastern edge of Mars-la-Tour, from the Regiment’s view. The village soon caught fire in several places, and great clouds of smoke rose into the sky.

The Regiment had just left the road leading to Tronville when it was greeted by the first shells which, however, caused no damage, only a general lowering of heads. Shortly before, the Brigade had received the order to attack the batteries left of Tronville Wood. As its mark, the centre Battalion was assigned a single treetop left of the wooded peak. The Battalions, which had up to now been advancing in “column of attack”, now left-wheeled, at the same time deploying.

As the Regiment commenced its attacking movement, Staff Oboist Northe turned to First Lieutenant von Nerée and said “Herr Lieutenant, today is just like Königgrätz with music”. The music then commenced, with the Holdesche March."
 
"The First Battalion took the 1st and 2nd Companies, with First Lieutenant von Warendorff and Captain von Hohenhausen, with the riflemen ahead, into the first line, allowing the combined 3rd and 4th Companies to follow under Captain Freiherr von Bernewitz as a half-battalion, whilst the Fusilier Battalion was split into two half-battalions, the 9th and 11th Companies under Captain Bethge to the left, and the 10th and 12th Companies under Captain Tuebben to the right.

In this way both battalions, the Fusilier Battalion some 200 paces to the left of and behind the First Battalion, crossed the road, where despite the still considerable distance from the enemy they were already coming under scattered rifle fire. Once away from the cover of the big poplars that bordered the road, they came under an ever livelier fire from the batteries, causing both battalions to suffer continually increasing losses.

From the Mars-la-Tour – Vionville road, the advance no longer took place in one movement, but in several stages, which was due to the instinct of the Regiment’s various elements for self-preservation. They were encountering extremely heavy fire from guns, mitrailleuses and rifles, losses were piling up, and the 1st and 2nd Companies spontaneously broke into a run. The other elements of the Regiment behind them followed suit.

In part spontaneously, in part to order, the men began moving faster, their marching became more and more hurried, and finally, on the command “Double”, the companies ran forwards, to throw themselves down after a while at the command “Halt” and gather their energy for a new push. After a short rest, the Battalions stood up, by companies or half-companies, for another run and thus, finally, the high ground to the west of Tronville Wood was reached in several stages. Not a shot had yet been fired, as the enemy still could not be seen, and yet the Regiment had already suffered significant losses. The horses of Captains von Hohenhausen and Tuebben had been shot and others wounded so that their riders had to dismount.

The 1st Company, north of the road, had aimed for Tronville Wood and most of them, under First Lieutenant von Warendorff, had reached its north-west corner; here the riflemen pushed through the thick undergrowth to the northern edge, from where they opened fire on the enemy advancing over the height south of Point 834. The smaller part of the company on the high ground to the west of the Wood headed in a more northerly direction and finally, under the command of Second Lieutenant Langheinecken, reached the St. Marcel road east of the poplars, from where they opened fire.

Von Hohenhausen’s company, initially accompanied by Lieutenant Colonel von Roëll, had meanwhile advanced in a north-easterly direction at first, but then under the pressure of the increasingly heavy fire had turned northwards and, after passing through the hedge beside the St. Marcel road, had also opened fire from the other side of the poplars.

Von Bernewitz’s half-battalion had at first followed von Warendorff’s company, but had then also turned northwards and – in the later course of the battle – reached the ravine several hundred paces northwest of the corner of the wood."
 
"During these activities by the 1st Battalion, Colonel von Cranach, riding with the Brigade commander and the Fusilier Battalion commander with Tuebben’s half-battalion, noticed that a further advance on Tronville Wood by the three 1st Battalion companies would widen the gaps that had already formed between them and the 2nd Company. He therefore gave the Fusilier Battalion the single tree as its mark, and ordered it to move into the first line.

This took place in the formation previously adopted, until Bethge’s half-battalion, as the front became free, started taking fire a few hundred paces after crossing the road. The heavy enemy fire caused both companies to form into a tight firing line.

Tuebben’s half-battalion had crossed the main road at the tracks leading to Tronville Wood when it suffered its first losses, and then it ascended the gently rising terrain leading to the high ground in perfect order. Since our own riflemen were no longer to be seen to the front once it reached the heights east of the poplars, and the enemy was about 300 paces away, marching towards the firing was called for. In so doing, however, the half-battalion suffered appalling losses in an extremely short time, the middle platoons of the six being virtually wiped out. Only a few men from the two companies stood at the point they were supposed to reach; most of them were lying, in heaps and dense masses, on the ground.

Colonel von Cranach, in charge of the two pioneer companies, directed these towards Tronville Wood; they followed the first company and, by making use of a depression leading towards the wood, reached the southern edge of its north-west point with minor losses.

Now that the high ground had been gained, further substantial losses occurred. Captain Freiherr von Bernewitz and First Lieutenant von Borcke were wounded, as were also, but mortally, Staff Sergeant Thiel and Ensign Lindner; of the Fusilier Battalion, Captain Tuebben was slightly wounded as he was marching up his half-battalion, and at the same time Second Lieutenant Schreiber was wounded in the foot and shot in the eye. First Lieutenant von Nerée, who had already been shot from his horse, was hit by two more bullets as he lay on the ground.

The attack could not maintain momentum under such heavy losses. Alternately rising, running and lying down again, the companies of both battalions approached the edge of the deep, and previously unseen, ravine. Cover was sought in vain, and only von Hohenhausen’s company managed to find it in the form of the hedge at the southern edge of the ravine.

The enemy, lying in several rows on the other side of the ravine and partly concealed behind undergrowth [? – Hafergarben], was now showered with rapid fire, but this was plentifully and much more heavily returned. The noise of battle reached a peak, drowning out any orders; command became virtually impossible, most of the commanders having fallen and losses being exceptionally great. Nobody could hold out in that place for long, so it was onwards, with what remained of one’s strength, for a final effort!"
 
"The Second Company, and that part of the First which had split off northwards, had advanced from the hedge on the St. Marcel road and, mixed in with elements of the 16th Regiment, had along with part of von Hohenhausen’s [company] reached the opposite slope. In so doing, Second Lieutenant Langheinecken was severely wounded. Not far from the hedge at the southern edge of the ravine, Lieutenant-Colonel von Roëll found a hero’s death with a bullet in the chest. In him the Regiment lost an able and experienced officer, highly thought of by all who knew him well and possessed of excellent military judgement.

In von Bernewitz’s half-battalion, the few remaining officers gave the sign to Advance. All rose up and rushed forward, with Sergeant Draeger, holding high the standard of the First Battalion, in the lead. The companies had however not yet reached the ravine when they met the retreating advanced line of the Regiment.

The part of von Warendorff’s company in Tronville Wood, along with the newly-arrived riflemen of the 3rd Pioneer Company, were also sent forwards, but only got about 250 m beyond the edge of the wood before retiring back into it as a result of the enemy counter-attack.

Companies 9 and 11 of the Fusilier Battalion had reached the high ground by the poplars and from here began firing. Captain Bethge, already bleeding from several wounds, rushed them forward once again, but then they received the order to retire. Their gallant commander received multiple wounds, some serious, in the advance, and fell; Second Lieutenant Weinhagen found a hero’s death with a bullet in the head.

Following the blow it had received whilst deploying, Tuebben’s half-battalion, despite its heavy losses, had advanced further with a part of its left wing, inspired by the example of its First Lieutenant Ehrhardt, who shortly, however, fell mortally wounded. The order to retire then brought the advance to an end; slowly, the remains of the two companies fell back.

The activities just described caused further losses amongst the officers, as in addition to those already named, Second Lieutenants Hoenig, von Arnim, Baron von Schimman, Duke Finck of Finckenstein, Hunaeus and von der Mülbe, Staff Sergeants Löffler, Wagner and Wilhelm, and Ensigns Dittmar – mortally – and Flügge, were wounded.

Whilst the companies were, as described above, partly approaching the edge of the ravine, partly having reached it and hurrying down the steep slope to the bottom, the French launched a fast and overwhelming counter-attack from the northern edge which, owing to the thick gunsmoke, could not be observed until the enemy was about 150 – and in places only 50 – paces off.

Cissan’s division was moving against the front and the right wing of the Regiment, whilst on the left, the 57th Line Regiment, plus elements of the 13th Line Regiment and the 5th Chasseur Battalion, were advancing against the 16th Regiment and its [our?] left flank. There were no fresh troops to counter the enemy’s stroke, which met with only a single, thin line of riflemen, which was brought to a halt by the massed firing, and finally, slowly, fell back under vigorous flanking fire.

When an enemy has fourfold superiority and a far better position, not even the highest self-sacrifice and the most reckless advance can conquer: one must go back! With all formation lost, the remains of the Regiment turned back over that same bare land over which they had just gallantly advanced, enduring once again the devastating fire of the enemy. Despite the almost superhuman effort, and despite their exhaustion, only 27 of the Regiment were captured unwounded: Staff Sergeant Lindenberg, who whilst in the ravine had not noticed the others retiring, and 2 NCOs and 24 men of various companies.

With loud shouts, continual trumpet calls and irregular fire, the French pushed on with their counter-attack. Only now and then could individual kepis be seen above the thick gunsmoke, which rolled down the ravine to reappear south of it, following the remains of the Regiment.

As the enemy was hot on our heels, losses during the retirement were heavy, and the Regiment would have been totally destroyed had not the infantry been saved by the self-sacrifice of the cavalry.
[The French attack was broken up by a charge of the 1st Guards Dragoon Regiment....] The remains of von Wedell’s brigade found time to gather at the roadside and then, on the commanding General’s order, to go back to Tronville, which they reached at about 6.30 in the evening. There they found the part of von Warendorff’s company which had made a stand in the northwest corner of Tronville Wood and had retreated along its western edge.

With tears in his eyes, Colonel von Cranach beheld the remains of his regiment, so proud just two hours ago, which had gone into battle with 31 officers and 1825 men but now possessed battalions of barely 100 men. “Children”, the commander addressed his men, “you have fought magnificently, I could kiss every one of you.” And it was true: every man had done his duty, with almost superhuman might.

The Regiment had lost heavily. 6 officers and 231 men had been killed, 19 and 424 respectively wounded, and 1 and 26 respectively were missing."
 
Great monument. Sad that it has been destroyed.

I'm now reading the 2.Garde Dragoner Regimental History. 1860-1902. Especialy the 1870-1871 war ! Cold steel !
Then I have the Regimental History of the 1914-1918 war.
So: Lot's to read.

?????Monument Garde Dragoner Regiments:

I'm looking for the inscriptions on the Garde Dragoner (1. and 2. Regiments) Monument -Mars-la-Tour cemetery.(not destroyed).

The few pics I googled are not clear and detailed.

Rgds,

Francis
 
This is the ravine which halted the attack. apparently photographed not long afterwards:
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The caption tells us that at the foot of the ravine, under a monument, are the bodies of two brothers, Captain Rudolf von Arnim and Lieutenant Oswald von Arnim, whilst at the top of the ravine is the tomb of Lt.-Colonel von Roell and Lieutenant Weinhagen. The inset shows the tomb of six officers from the 16th Regiment.
 
One of the gallant young men who died for their country that day was Fusilier Friedrich Bernsau, from the town of Mettmann, of the 10th Company. He would have been with Captain Tuebben's half-battalion.
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The inscription reads: "Fr. Bernsau, killed in action on 16/8.70 before Metz in the holy war...." [the rest is illegible to me.]
 
Although the original Lion has gone, thankfully it is not completely lost. The upper plaque on this bronze reads “Monument to the Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick’s 57th (8th Westphalian) Infantry Regiment on the battlefield of Mars-la-Tour, 16.8.1870”, and on the lower, “From the officer corps of Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick’s 57th (8th Westphalian) Infantry Regiment to their departing comrade, Captain Noell, of 24 June 1891 to 30 September 1907.”
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That concludes the story. I hope you will have found it of some interest. I dedicate it to the brave men of the 57th Regiment.

Best wishes,

S.
 
The monument:

Lt Schwarz; Lt Heidzick; Hauptmann August Scholten; Hauptmann Rudolph von Arnim and Leutnant Oswald von Arnim.

http://mlt1870.chez-alice.fr/de/2freres_de.htm
 
Thanks for pointing that out, Francis. I've consulted that site many times. It is an excellent resource for anyone interested in the battle.

Add: I've just looked again at this site, and I see that the von Roëll / Weinhagen monument was destroyed during forest clearance work in the 1970s! That seems just a touch vindictive to me!
 
When I zoom in on the picture of the monument this reads Adolph (not Oswald...)

Francis

A better photograph anyone ?
 
Khukri said:
When I zoom in on the picture of the monument this reads Adolph (not Oswald...)

Francis

A better photograph anyone ?
I think the top one is Rudolph Adolph von Arnim. Perhaps the second one down is Oswald, but it is hard to tell.
 
You're right !
Difficult to read !

I have to plan a Battlefield Tour over there next summer.

( :) I have not told the wife yet... :-?

Rgds,

Francis
 
S

It is tempting to think that Captain Noell may have been a relative, if not the son, of the Lt.-Col. von Noell

No. Hauptmann Ferdinand Otto Eugen Noell was born on 7 August 1872 as the son of an estate owner.

The fallen Oberstlieutenant was Hermann v. Roëll.

Regards
Glenn
 
The gentlemen on the monument were all fatalities in 3. Westphälisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 16.

They are:

Hauptmann Rudolf v. Arnim
Premier-Lieutenant Oswald v. Arnim
Hauptmann August Scholten
Seconde-Lieutenant d.L. Heidsieck
Seconde-Lieutenant Oswald Schwartz

Regards
Glenn
 
Glennj said:
S
The fallen Oberstlieutenant was Hermann v. Roëll.

Regards
Glenn
I've just rechecked the history, and indeed he was! I blame a combination of Fraktur type and getting the two names mixed up in my head! Now to go back and edit those pages!
 
Seconde-Lieutenant Ernst Weinhagen was killed as a platoon commander with 11./I.R. 57. Born 27 September 1844 in Cleve, he had previously been the adjutant of II. Bataillon Landwehr-Regiment 57.

Regards
Glenn
 
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